Essay on Breast Cancer - 2059 Words

Breast Cancer Breast cancer is only one of 200 different types of cancer. It is considered a woman’s disease but both men and women have the disease. Every year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer. Twelve percent of all women will get the disease and 3.5% of them will die. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. Cells keep dividing even though new cells are not needed. Change from normal to cancerous cells requires gene alterations. Altered genes and uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors. These tumors can be benign (NOT cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors won’t spread but it can damage tissues around†¦show more content†¦Being obese may also increase your risk. chemicals - Researchers in the New York State Department of Health have found that women on Long Island who grew up within a mile of a chemical plant have a greater chance of getting breast cancer if they lived further away from the chemical plant. race - Even though white women are more likely to get cancer than African-American women, African-American women are more likely to die from cancer. Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women have a lower risk of getting breast cancer. Birth control pills - A study showed that women using birth control pills have a slightly greater risk of breast cancer. Hormone replacement therapy - Most studies suggest that use of HRT for relief of menopause symptoms for more than 5 years may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. Alcohol - Women who have 2 to 5 drinks daily have about 1 1/2 times the risk of women who drink no alcohol. Symptoms There are several symptoms of breast cancer. Early cancer may not show any symptoms at all but as time goes by and the cancer grows, there may be symptoms. You may get a lump or a thickening in or near the breast. Change in its shape or contour, swelling, thickening, pore enlargement, retraction or scaliness of the nipple, nipple discharge, pain or tenderness. It is usually found in a person’s breast as a hard lump that is painless. In some cases, pain and tenderness may occur. BloodyShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer And Cancer Prevention2347 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Statistics indicate that breast cancer-related complications are among the top causes of death among women for over 23% of all women’s deaths in the world (Donepudi et al., 2014). The great cases of breast cancer are attributed to lack of information on and hard data on the disease, especially on early diagnosis and treatment options. In America, breast cancer is among the top causes of cancer-related deaths, and the mortality rate is relatively high as compared to the neighboring countriesRead MoreThe For Breast Cancer Action1612 Words   |  7 Pagesintention to give some part of the profit towards breast cancer causes. Ironically, the money made from this marketing will often not significantly benefit somebody with breast cancer. The pink ribbon was originally created by the Susan G Komen foundation yet anybody can use this symbol, because there is no intellectual copyright on it. Pinkwashing is term was first coined by the organization called breast cancer action, whose m ission is to â€Å"Breast Cancer Action’s mission is to achieve health justiceRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling at tention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Steinman Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutationRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1530 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer† is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or â€Å"malignant tumor†. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer gr owth or malignant tumor, the tumorRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when aRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1471 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. AccordingRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1921 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Cancer is a term that every individual on this planet wants to avoid hearing when they go to their yearly check up at the doctors. However, as person ages, they are prone to develop some sort of sickness and most of the time, they could develop cancer of some sort. For this research paper, I am going to go over breast cancer. Breast cancer is a well-known type of cancer with awareness events going on to support both women and men who has breast cancer. According to American Cancer Society

The Ethics of Genetically Enhancing Children Essays

Medical professionals today can screen for certain genetic traits (genetic diseases and sex) with in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis to obtain a healthy child, and reproductive technology continues to improve. With this in mind, the question arises whether sex selection is ethical. Julian Savulescu, Uehiro Professor of Practical Ethics at Oxford University, argues that sex selection is moral, based on his ethical principle of Procreative Beneficence: that â€Å"couples (or single reproducers) should select the child, of the possible children they could have, who is expected to have the best life, or at least as good a life as the others, based on the relevant, available information† [Savulescu 1]. Savulescu claims†¦show more content†¦It reflects the values of a parent wanting the best for the child and also actively seeking out information to make a good decision rather than remaining willfully ignorant in the advent of new technology. In ad dition, well-being in human society is boosted. However, Savulescu has packaged sex selection into his very broad argument and made serious oversights. In a society without gender discrimination, selecting the sex of a child should, in principal, have no bearing to how â€Å"good† a life the child may have. Therefore, Procreative Beneficence should say nothing about which sex one should choose in such a society, or whether that choice even needs to be made. Preferring a child of one sex over another would then be discriminatory: one would be making a prejudiced choice for best likelihood for highest well-being based on an irrelevant consideration. Procreative Beneficence with sex selection then only returns discrimination to a society which has eliminated it. One may object this mild form of discrimination can be justified in a society that treats its born members in a non-sexist way. Steinbock believes there is nothing inherently immoral about sex selection. He reasons sex selection is, in itself, just a choice which is a parental right, noting that even if there is a correlation in some cultures between sex selection and oppression of women, this does not imply that sex selection causes the oppression or that eliminating sex selection will stop itShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics of Genetically Enhancing Children Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pages The term designer children is unnerving at first to many. The idea of parents designing the genetic makeup of their offspring makes children seem like a commodity in a genetic free market. Thoughts of a dystopian society like the one in the film â€Å"Gattaca† come to mind. However, taking an immediate repugnant stand against genetic enhancement is not well-founded. A more open-minded inspection of the issue reveals that the idea of parents improving their children’s life prospects through genetic engineeringRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection : Ethics And The Problems That Arise From It1175 Words   |  5 Pagesof individuality. The parent can now choose how they want their child to come out or develop into. Sandel’s book The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Case of Modern Eugenics is a well researched look into examples of modern eugenics and the problems that arise from it. These topics range from the ethics of cloning, athletes using performance enhancing drugs, and other practical uses in everyday life. Sandel’s argument is that there is value in human nature (even with all its flaws), and geneticRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1341 Words   |  6 Pages This is called â€Å"genetic engineering.† Genetic Engineering is prematurely applied to food production. There are estimates that food output must increase by 60 percen t over the next 25 years to keep up with demand. Thus, the result of scientist genetically altering plants for more consumption. The two most common methods for gene transfer are biological and electromechanical. â€Å"Early experiments all involved changing DNA using bacterial vectors†(Randerson, 2001). Through other advances scientists proclaimRead MoreSuperhuman By Choice Or Genes?1716 Words   |  7 Pagesgoes for perfection, there is no limit on how much a person can do to reach their ideal perfection status. Their perception is key, an individual’s perception on perfection will shape their views on what Sandel is trying to argue, that genetically altering or enhancing genetic makeup is a bad idea. In the first case Sandel focuses our attention on, â€Å"hyperparenting.† Hyperparenting can be classified as parents who, â€Å"†¦obsessively attend to every detail of their children’s lives† (Sandel, 430). In theRead MoreEssay on Testosterone in Sports1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe playing field even. However, testosterone levels in men and women vary. For example, Caster Semenya won gold in the 2009 women’s world championship in the 800m swim. The International Association of Athletic Federation (IAAF) tested her for enhancing drugs and for being a man. The results of the drug test were negative. The results of the gender test are kept confidential for privacy. The results are unimportant. The article focuses on what Semenya’s case means for anti-doping, for women’sRead MoreThe Ethics Of Designer Babies943 Words   |  4 PagesClara Johnson Prof. Sara Clark English Composition Essay #4 The Ethics of Designer Babies As we stand in the world today, we as humans have never been more technologically advanced or scientifically intelligent. We have the ability to explore outer space and the depths of the oceans. We are even in the process of developing organs using 3D printing technology. But there is a limit to the extent of advancements that humankind can reach before some begin to pose dangers to humanity or become unethicalRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection By Michael Sandel Summary1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn the first portion of Sandel’s paper titled, The Case Against Perfection, Michael Sandel discussed the moral and ethics debate surrounding the notion of in the future designing our offspring by altering their genes prior to conception. Within his argument, Sandal focuses on four main arguments surrounding the following realms of enhancement: muscles, memory, growth hormone treatment, and reproductive technologies (Sandel 52). Firstly, Sandel argues that genetic modifications in i mproving musclesRead MoreThe Violation Of Reproductive Freedom1210 Words   |  5 Pagesnotion has come about that that couples and individuals may take an interest in eugenics on behalf of their potential offspring. The idea is that people of their own free will choose to partake in these scientific advances in order to benefit their children and give them genetics that the parents personally find to be advantageous. However, this option would only be made available to those fortunate enough to have finances that would support this (Goering, 2014). Increased economic disparity is an apparentRead MoreAn Immoral Injustice: Designer Babies702 Words   |  3 Pagesbe carried out and not altered. A loss of humanity and a violation of rights occurs because the child affected has no say in what is being done (Catalano n.p.). An additional reason to not genetically change children is because â€Å"being a good parent is surely not about enhancing our children but about enhancing our chi ldren’s lives through making them feel loved, accepted and wanted† (qtd. in Catalano n.p). In conclusion, as technology will continue to elevate, so will the possibilities to holdRead MoreA Brief Note On Genetic Engineering And Enhancement1779 Words   |  8 Pagesour way of playing God? Principles of caution, respect for autonomy, eugenics, and beneficence are things to consider. I believe there’s a world of possibilities that can come with genetic engineering, but guidelines regarding the use, conduct, and ethics of it should be under intense supervision. 1. Positives of Genetic Engineering: There are many positive things that can come from genetic engineering for many difference fields including agriculture. Genetic engineering in agriculture can be used

Therapeutic Diet Teaching Plan Gluten Free Diet Free Essays

Celiac disease is a genetic disease which affects almost one percent of the U. S. population. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Diet Teaching Plan: Gluten Free Diet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surprisingly enough, almost 95% of people with celiac disease are either misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. Having celiac disease means that one’s immune system is attacking any gluten that has been ingested causing damage to the small intestine. The damage done to the small intestine will prevent absorption of necessary vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. The only way to treat celiac disease is by removing all gluten from one’s diet. Celiac disease can be difficult to diagnose. The symptoms are generally gas, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. Many people suffering from these symptoms tend to self-prescribe solutions such as Pepto-Bismol or other such remedies for common indigestion. The only way to get an accurate diagnosis is from an antibody test done via a simple blood test. If necessary, a small intestine biopsy can be performed as well to provide a more concrete confirmation of the presence of the disease. The unfortunate reality is that there is no pharmaceutical treatment available. The only solution is to go â€Å"gluten-fee. Once gluten has been consumed, the individual will have to live with the consequences until the body has been able to rid itself of the gluten. Although the symptoms might seem bearable enough to continue consuming gluten products, there are a number of serious side effects to that decision. A person afflicted with celiac disease that goes untreated will likely suffer from infertility, some cancers, and most defini tely malnutrition. Caring for a newly diagnosed celiac patient requires educating that patient on a number of topics. The first topic being that celiac disease is not short term. It will require a lifelong lifestyle change that can be difficult for a number of people. Also, as celiac can be asymptomatic and is genetic in nature, relatives (if not already) should also be tested for the disease. Once the initial shock has been allowed to sink in, presentation of diet options need to be completed as treatment should begin as immediately as possible. It is important to know what â€Å"gluten† is. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, and barley. Any food item containing any of the previously listed items will no longer be consumable for a patient with celiac. Gluten â€Å"hides† in all sorts of different food items. Reading labels will have to become a part of the grocery shopping experience. Even foods like chicken, which might carry the assumption of being gluten free, have to be purchased with caution as chickens are injected with wheat fillers to provide the meat with more flavor. It should not be assumed that packages claiming to be â€Å"gluten free† are. The only way to be sure is to read the label and note the ingredients. Also, food items that are processed on equipment which also handle wheat items should be eaten with caution. The most obvious attack to a celiac diet is that on the carbohydrate food group. Seemingly all bread items are no longer available including but not limited to: pizza, bagels, bread, pasta, and cakes. However, the good news is that with the rise in population of those afflicted with celiac, breads and other such carbohydrate products are being made with flaxseed and/ or brown rice. Instead of focusing on finding foods with a wheat base, one can look for breads made with rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, or tapioca. Although eating foods from the dairy group can be troublesome when immediately beginning treatment for celiac, these foods can be added back into the diet after a few weeks. It is okay to eventually eat cheese and milk. Most ice creams will need to be avoided as they most likely will contain gluten, especially those sporting fancy added toppings such as Oreos and/or cookie dough. There are a few other food items to take into consideration when planning gluten free meals. Processed and breaded meats along with breaded vegetables need to be avoided. Most canned soups, salad dressings, and soy sauce will contain gluten. Sadly, the vast majority of desserts will no longer be able to be enjoyed. Although, one can now find on the shelves of some grocery stores boxed mixes for items such as brownies and cookies. Of course, being a product of wheat and barley, beer is also no longer consumable. The gluten free diet will take getting used to. It can be extremely difficult to give up foods (pizza, for example) that have become personal favorites. It can be made even more frustrating by the fact that symptoms generally take several weeks to go away. However, once the symptoms are gone, the freedom from pain and discomfort will bring much more happiness than a piece of toast. How to cite Therapeutic Diet Teaching Plan: Gluten Free Diet, Papers

External Environment Analysis of Coca-Cola free essay sample

Both companies have invested hundreds of millions of dollars over the years to create brand loyalty, and both have made huge strides around the world, gaining millions of new customers outside of the United States. (Manta, Inc. , 2012) Most new entrants would find it difficult to provide significant enough margins to retailers. If a new entrant began gaining ground, Coca-Cola could simply raise margins enough to buy all of the available shelf space until the new entrant was out of business. If the product were viable enough, Coca-Cola has more than enough financial means to purchase the newcomer and the rights to its product line. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (low threat): There are a large number of suppliers for the ingredients that go into Coca-Cola’s products, and those commodities are inexpensive. Coloring, sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, caramel color, vanilla, lime extract and most of the other ingredients are readily available from several large suppliers. We will write a custom essay sample on External Environment Analysis of Coca-Cola or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The one exception to this is the artificial sweeteners that go into most of the diet products; these are available from only a few suppliers and this gives them more leverage than distributors of the other ingredients. (Sheth Sisodia, 2002) (Manta, Inc. , 2012) Although the ingredients themselves are extremely important to Coca-Cola’s secret formula, ingredient substitutes are easy to come by because of the similarity of the raw materials, and the switching cost would be fairly low if Coca-Cola decided to change suppliers. Coca-Cola’s business is very important to the suppliers because of the extremely large volume of product that Coca-Cola purchases; therefore, most of the suppliers have no real leverage. (Merrett, 2008) Bargaining Power of Customers (low threat): Coca-Cola utilizes authorized bottlers who purchase concentrated formulas in very high volumes, but since the Company is usually the largest or the only customer of these bottlers, their margins are quite high. These customers have very little bargaining power. (Gaudet, 2009)

WTO Trade Winds A Changing Title an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

WTO Trade Winds: A Changing Title Fiji has undergone a crisis across the social, economic, political levels of the nation, with many Western countries criticizing the events have unfolded. Such events include the toppling of a democratically elected president and replacing it with a transition government. A new democratically elected government has been installed once again, but there seems to be more in store. Need essay sample on "WTO Trade Winds: A Changing Title" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Fiji has for long been burdened with foreign development models-mainly British and American- that have failed to work for the nation. Fiji is composed of less than one million people, with more than half of the population being native Fijian, 44 percent Fijian Indian, with the remaining being of Chinese, other Pacific Island and European backgrounds. One misleading notion has been that the problems in Fiji are due to ethnic tensions among the two major groups in the nation-the native Fijians and the Fijian Indians. However, this crisis is more of a cultural affair than the purported ethnic tensions in the nation. Fijian problems can best be understood from a cultural perspective-where there are two models of development competing against each other- and not ethnical divisions. The numerous 1980s coups resulted in well-intentioned attempts aimed at encouraging development. However, these efforts did not succeed because the governments did not put into consideration the cultural aspect. The development models favored by those administrations were founded on the principles of individual capitalism as practiced in the US and the UK. These models advocate for ideals such as the importance of self rather than society, individual initiative, and conspicuous consumption. This type of capitalism worked, to some extend, for the Fijian Indians and not the native Fijians. This led to the adoption of both individual capitalism and collective capitalism, bringing many problems for the nation. According to Lester Thurow (1997), there are two forms of capitalism in today's global economy namely the communitarian form -advocated for by the Japanese and Germans-and the individualistic form-by the Americans and the British. However, many more forms of capitalism can be added to this list, including the government directed form of capitalism practiced by the South East Asian economic dragons such as Singapore, China, Taiwan and South Korea- all of which have followed capitalism through differing paths (Friedman et al, 2002). Foreign development models should have been properly evaluated to identify their usefulness domestically before they were adopted in Fiji, or any other nation. This evaluation should have ensured that the models matched with the Fijian culture in order to sustain community, corporate and national development. For instance, down sizing was one such inappropriate model used in Fiji in the 1990s. This model worked well in America, where CEOs focused on short-term dividends for the shareholders and saw workers as a controllable budget line item. Moreover, corporatization and privatization found their way in Fiji, with downsizing being used to achieve these objectives. Although some organizations were able to save as a result of the downsizing, the overall expenditure increased due to social welfare and police programs (Friedman et al, 2002). It is beyond doubt that the best form of capitalism for the Fijian culture is the collective capitalism as opposed to individual capitalism. This is because collective capitalism focuses on key ideals such as sharing of resources, the importance of the community rather than an individual and group responsibility (Kelly and Kaplan, 2001). Collective capitalism is also in congruence with the Fijian culture because it does not interfere with the harmony and balance of the nation, corporation, community or the group. For instance, the Fijian village, which is the core of Fijian culture, is founded on the principles of collective capitalism as opposed to individual capitalism. Although the village system has been seen by some people-especially foreigners- as primitive, it is very important to the Fijians since it provides a number of basic human services that the central government is not able to provide (Friedman et al, 2002). The village fund has greatly helped many villages economically, especially those that lease out land to commercial enterprises such as hotels. Moreover, this system provides some form of social control and enculturisation for numerous people in the Fijian community. The existence of the villages in Fiji has greatly saved hundreds of thousands of Fijians from living in subhuman conditions in the urban areas. Fiji's crises can be attributed to the colonial legacies and the competing for prominence among the American and British capitalists, the Indian entrepreneurial models as well as the Fijian village. Unfortunately, Fiji's past leadership has always been in favor of the individual capitalism and underutilized the village model. This clash between development models has placed the Fijian commercial sector, as well as the government in some sort of dilemma leading to failure lack action on key problems facing the nation. It is evident that the development models are the cause of the Fijian problems and not ethnic tensions, which are only the symptoms. The only solution to the problems is to balance the approach to development by adopting a win-win model incorporating all stakeholders. Economic development should now strive to create wealth and not just revenue as is the case. References Friedman, H et al (2002) WTO Trade Winds-A Changing China, Harvard Asia Pacific Review Kelly, J and Kaplan, M (2001) Represented Communities: Fiji and World Decolonization, University of Chicago Press Thurow, L (1997) The Future of Capitalism-How Today's Economic Forces Shape Tomorrow's World, Penguin Books

How to Write a Business Email (Updated for 2019)

How to Write a Business Email (Updated for 2019) Business emails are a pillar of modern communication. On any given day, the average office worker receives over 80 emails. That’s a lot of communication. While we send a lot of emails, many of them are not effective. Everyone’s inbox holds those difficult to read or process emails, hanging around because the recipient is unclear on how to reply or act. Don’t let that happen to your business emails. Etiquette, style, and format are essential to writing emails that get results. This article will highlight best practices and walk you through an effective business email, step-by-step. By integrating these methods into your email preparation, you will write better emails and improve overall communication. Four Key Questions: There are four questions that you must consider as you begin to draft a business email: 1. Who is My Audience? In all business writing, the audience is the top consideration. Who you are writing for will determine how you write your email. The reader will determine the tone, formality, and content of the communication. Your email’s reader may be your colleague, client, or supervisor. Each reader will have a different background, project knowledge, and priorities. You can use project acronyms with a colleague who has the same deep project knowledge as you do. Those same acronyms will be confusing to an executive who needs an update for budget forecasting. With your audience at the forefront, you will always write a more effective email. The audience includes all the people included in the sender fields. This includes the To:, CC:. and BCC: fields but main focus should be on those in the To field. Writing for the audience also means using these fields correctly. The ‘To:’ field is for the direct audience who needs to reply or take action from the email content. The ‘CC:’ field is for readers who need to receive the email conversation for reference or clarity, but do not need to take action nor reply. The ‘BCC:’ field is for the audience who only needs to see the initial email and none of the later chain of replies. Incorrect usage of the sender fields is a common business email mistake. It occurs when the audience and their roles are not thoughtfully considered. Use the Bcc field very judiciously. Often it's best to forward an email separately, with a brief statement on why you're sending this information. 2. What is the Purpose? An email must have a purpose. And it must have only one purpose. This email practice is called the ‘one thing rule’. Each email should cover only one specific item, task, or request. Covering multiple actions in one email can cause confusion and inefficiency. One email should not include both client report revision notes and a scheduling question for the quarterly meeting. This scenario calls for two separate emails. By limiting emails to one thing, the email is easier for the recipient to understand, process and act upon. This clarity increases understanding and productivity. In practice, we sometimes have to ask for several pieces of information related to the same topic. In this case, use a numbersed list to clarify for your reader that the request has components. This will help your reader respond easily and ensure you receive all the specifics you need. I need you to review these three items before we release the sketch to the production team: Content Design Color choice 3. Is This Email Necessary? There is a tendency to over-communicate by email. While email is efficient and provides an electronic paper-trail, not all communication should occur over email. Ask yourself: â€Å"Is this email really necessary?† Perhaps a quick phone call or a ping on the company messenger is more appropriate. If you’re expecting a lot of back-and-forth on the topic, a short conversation can eliminate a lengthyemail chain. Choose the right channel to send information. Email is great, but it's one channel. 4. Is Email Appropriate? Email can be used in many scenarios but is not always appropriate. If you are delivering bad news, do so in person or buffer the email thoughtfully. An email is impersonal and is difficult to convey empathy or compassion. If you must write a business apology email follow these rules. Sensitive information sent by email runs the risk of being accidentally shared. There are plenty of cases of email mishaps, ranging from funny to serious. Whether the information is personal contact or personal opinion, consider whether it’s appropriate for an email. If you wouldn’t want it accidentally shared, be very thoughtful about how it is sent in the first place. If you are unsure if an email is appropriate, ask yourself if you'd be comfortable with that email being projected in a meeting. Attending the meeting are your boss, all your future bosses, and your mother. If it passes this test, then send it. If not, there is likely something that is not appropriate. Email Style Business emails have a very specific style. They are professional but brief. They should be written to be skimmed, but with enough information to allow a complete response. If you like this article you may be interestedin our online email writing course. Tone Finding the correct tone can be the biggest headache in drafting an email. The tone changes based on your audience. It can range to formal to friendly but is always professional and should always be matched to your audience. Wordy politeness can often be overlooked in efforts to be brief in emails. However, please and thank you should be included anytime it is appropriate. Avoid ALL CAPS because it SOUNDS LIKE YOU’RE YELLING (and could route your email to the spam folder). If you wouldn’t shout the statement in person, don’t shout it in an email. Instead, use italics,underlining or bold to emphasize important points. Example: Vacation requests must be submitted at least two weeks in advance. Notice the harsh tone if the bold text is swapped for caps: Vacation requests must be submitted AT LEAST TWO WEEKS IN ADVANCE. One exception: Do use all caps in email headings when writing to any organization that strips html formatting from email. The military, military academies, and some financial institutions with strict security protocols often strip html formatting. Headings are very helpful to readers. They allow a reader to skim and find information easily. They're a business writer's best weapon against information overload. Avoid excessive use of punctuation or emojis. Exclamation points should be used sparingly! Emojis continue to have a larger role in digital communication and several style guides have approved their judicious use in business writing. I follow the rule of only using them after the other party has sent one. They should never be used in formal business emails. Format Emails are meant to be skimmed, so they should have plenty of white-space to assist the reader. Use shorter paragraphs, lists and bullet points to streamline the information. And, use headings to break up concepts and allow a reader to skim. In addition, awkward formatting copied from other documents or emails can be distracting. To have seamless formatting for your email, strip the text formatting of the new content by using your email client’s Remove or Formatting function. Here are the most common formatting features and how to use them. Font: The font is the typeface that you should choose for your email. It is best to choose a sans serif (a typeface without decorative strokes at the end) as they are more modern and simple and easy to read onscreen. They are also easier to read at a small size. Gmail uses Sans Serif as the default. You could also use Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Terbuchet MS, or Verdana. Text Size: You should try to keep your email in the normal size. This is between 10–12pt. Bold: You can use bold for headings and to emphasise important text. Bold text catches the eye of readers as they scan the email. Italics: Italics are a softer way to draw attention to an area of text. They are used to bring emphasis to an area of a sentence. They do not make words stand out when the user is scanning a page the way bold text does. Italics should also be used for titles of full works. Underline: Underlined text can easily be confused for a link. When writing an email, it's best not to use underlined text to draw attention to an area of an email. It is better to use bold or italics. Text Color: You should avoid using multiple text colors in an email as it draws the eye in to multiple locations and looks unprofessional. It is likely that your email program makes your hyperlinks blue. Alignment: Business writing uses text that is fully aligned left. Academic writing indents the first sentence of a paragraph five spaces. In business email, you will never need to indent the start of a paragraph. Users scan pages in a F-shapped pattern. By changing the alignment it makes it more difficult for the reader to skim. Numbers: Using a numbered list can help organize content where the sequence is important. For example if you were describing steps you would want to use a numbered list. Bullet Points: Bullet points are a great way to create white space on your page and draw attention to related items. Bullet points work best for unordered lists. Indent More: In business emails you should not indent the first sentence of a new paragraph. A line break represents the start of a new paragraph. The indent more button allows you to add an indent to text. This is useful on rare occasions when you want to indicate that some information is a subset of what preceeded it. It creates a visual indication that the indented information is less important. Indent Less: This allows you to move your content to the left Quote Text: If you are referring to quoted text you should use the quote text function. It provides a slight indent to your content and a grey vertical line to the left. This shows readers that you are quoting text. Remove Formatting: If you are pasting text into your email it is vital you use the remove formatting function. Otherwise you will paste the text styles and it will be obvious to your reader that you copy and pasted that text. To use this function select the text you want to remove formatting. Then click the remove formatting button. Email Overview Let's dissect each section of a business email to highlight best practices for you to implement in your writing. Subject Line The subject line is the mini-summary of your email. It provides the biggest opportunity to ensure your email gets read. The goal of a subject line is to get your reader to open the email without tricking them. It is also the place where mistakes are most commonly made. Think of it as your email’s headline. It should be a 3- to 8-word overview of the content. Subject lines that are too brief or too lengthy cause confusion. If it makes the email seem difficult or confusing to reply to, the recipient may not open it immediately or at all. Bad Examples: ‘Important!’ ‘For Your Review’ ‘Questions About Expansion Performance Target Report Deadline Extension Request† For Client Meeting’ Good Examples: ‘Your BookShop Order Delivery Dec 2’ ‘Client Report Revisions: Please Review by 4 PM’ ‘Expansion Report Extension Requested until Friday’ Email clients will also review the subject line for signs of spam. This is especially important for sales teams who may be cold-emailing clients. Certain terms are flags for spam algorithms and may be filtered to a Junk folder. Avoid using words such as ‘Sales’, ‘Please read’ or ‘Profits’, or having one-word subjects.Also make sure you are replying to the correct thread. Do not use an old email thread for a new topic. Greeting Your greeting should be professional and concise. It is always preferable to address the recipient using their name, but it may not always be possible. Good afternoon, Greetings, Dear Ms. Jones: Hi Jeff, (salutation format) Hi, Jeff. (sentence format) Brief Pleasantry If you’re emailing someone for the first time, your opening line could be a short pleasantry connecting you and the recipient. One sentence should be enough. Indicate how you connected. This reminder will give the reader context for the following information. â€Å"It was great to meet you at last night’s networking event.† If you’ve received something from the recipient, offer your thanks. It could be a thank you for an offer of assistance, for an interesting piece of content they shared or even for simply reading the email. â€Å"Thank you for sharing your article on management strategies. The findings are valuable.’ ‘I appreciate you taking the time to help me with this project.’ If you want to keep it general, warm well-wishes will do. ‘I hope you’re well!’ Omit a pleasant greeting if you’ve recently or frequently communicated with each other. Be very careful of overspinning pleasantries at the start of the email. The purpose of your email should be the overt start. Remember the acronmy B.L.O.T- bottom line on top. What do you want your reader to know or do? That's the most important opening. Purpose As previously noted, each email should address just one thing, one purpose. This task, request or information should be presented clearly and directly after the pleasantry. This is the B.L.O.T- bottom line on top. Be concise and direct. Don’t hide your request or it can easily be overlooked or ignored. ‘Please provide your feedback on the budget.’ ‘Can you participate in the project kick-off meeting next Thursday? ‘Did you have any revisions to the final report?’ Remember the acronym B.L.O.T. - Bottom Line On Top Additional Information Some business emails may require additional information for the reader. It could be clarification on the task, a link to resources or examples, or other helpful information. This information should be included thoughtfully. Only directly relevant content should be added. Call to Action Near the end of the email, include a specific call to action. The email is being sent to accomplish one task. The call to action should leave no confusion as to your request. Do not assume the reader understands the desired result from prior information. Emails can easily be misinterpreted if there is any grey area. This statement should include the specific action and the timeline. If you are sending the email to multiple people, clarify task responsibility by directly naming the intended person. Clarification of tasks and expectations allows for the recipient to respond more effectively. Bad examples: â€Å"Can you take care of this?† â€Å"Let me know what you think.† Good examples: â€Å"Sarah: can you forward the survey to all staff by Friday at noon, please?† â€Å"I’d appreciate your feedback on the draft agenda. If you have any edits, please send them by tomorrow, Tuesday, at 10 AM.† If you would like a confirmation, you can phrase the call to action as a question. If the call to action is a notification that does not necessarily require a reply, you can structure the call to action as a statement. Closing Message The closing message simply indicates that the email is complete. While it is not a requirement in modern email writing, a brief, polite phrase will nicely round out your email. ‘Thank you for your time,’ ‘I look forward to your response,’ ‘Kind regards,’ Sign-off Signature The end of the email includes a sign-off of your name. The phrasing should match the formality of the email. Most formal: Dr. John Smith Dr. Smith John Smith Least formal and most common: John Your email signature is a type of electronic business card that is appended to your email. It should include the most important context and contact details for your reader. This is the place to help your reader with relevant contact or contextual information, not brag or insert philosophical quotes. Images and logos can be useful, but be aware of the sizing and how they will appear on mobile devices. Attachments and Links Any referenced attachments or links must be included in the email. Either name the file so that it is clearly identified or include the document title in parenthesis immediately after you mention it in the email. Don’t make the reader go hunting for the information they need. If an attachment was sent to the recipient previously, attach it again anyway. This way, they can easily access the information rather than searching through their inbox. Of course, double-check that the file is attached and correct. Forgetting to include an attachment requires an unnecessary (and embarrassing!) reply requesting it, which can delay the work. Links can be directing the reader either to websites or to intranet directories. These hyperlinks can be lengthy and distracting in email text. Instead, integrate the hyperlink into the existing sentence. Good example: You may find this technical writing resource useful in preparing the report. You should also test the link to ensure that it opens the correct site. Review Once your email is composed, do not click send. Yet. Take a moment to review your email. Check for grammatical or spelling errors (Grammarly has a helpful free tool). Typos suggest carelessness and can even convey incorrect information. Double-check dates, times, names, links, attachments and other specific details. Triple-check that the correct recipients are in the sender fields. Our Favorite (Free) Email Hacks Undo Send Have you ever clicked send and then gasped in horror? Perhaps it’s an ‘I didn’t mean to send it to that Brad!’ situation. Or it may be the less embarrassing but still annoying ‘I meant to include Brad on that email!’ scenario. Thankfully, some email clients have found a solution to this potential embarrassment with the addition of ‘Undo Send’. In Gmail, you can enable this function in Settings. You can choose from a 5 to 30 second cancellation period. In OutLook, you can recall an unread email sent to a recipient with an Exchange account in the same organization. This feature does not work will in practice because if it has been read by anyone, it cannot be recalled. In this case, simply forward the email with an error and state your apology and clarification. Canned Responses in Gmail Do you send the same email over and over again? Save time by using Canned Responses in Gmail. This function allows you to save standard emails. When you would like to send the standard reply, simply select your preferred prepared template in the Compose window. You can also set Canned responses to send automatically to inbound email with specific details. Filters and Folders Is your inbox overwhelming? Thoughtful use of filters and folders can help reduce email stress. You can label and even color-code emails from specific people or even whole domains. These labels will allow the emails to be easily archived once read. You can set up filters to automatically mark as read or archive low priority reference emails, like a delivery tracking update. A short investment in setup time will provide long-term time savings. Schedule Emails with Boomerang Are you working late, but want your email to arrive in your client’s inbox first thing tomorrow morning? You can schedule emails to send at a specified time in the future using the Boomerang add-on. Caution:If you are sending information to recipients who report to you, don't send late evening emails because it can create an expectation of 24/7 work across your team. Schedule the emails to send at the start of normal work hours. Keyboard shortcuts Drafting an effective business email takes time. However, you can save time by using keyboard shortcuts. Save clicks while selecting emails, marking unread, adding a hyperlink and more. Check out the shortcuts for Gmail and Outlook. Track email opens If you’ve ever sent the email: ‘I’m just checking to see if you got this.’, then you should be using email tracking. There are a wide range of email add-ons and applications that will track if your email is opened by the recipient. Conclusion The volume of email we receive and send can sometimes diminish our motivation to write an effective business email. Consider the four key questions when preparing an email. Write it in a way that is concise yet clearly conveys the information and request to the reader. Your reader, and their inbox, will appreciate it.

Scallop Facts

Scallop Facts Found in saltwater environments like the Atlantic Ocean, scallops are bivalved mollusks that can be found around the world. Unlike their relative the oyster, scallops are free-swimming mollusks that live inside a hinged shell. What most people recognize as a scallop is actually the creatures adductor muscle, which it uses to open and close its shell in order to propel itself through the water. There are more than 400 species of scallops; all are members of the Pectinidae family. Fast Facts: Scallops Scientific Name: PectinidaeCommon Name(s): Scallop, escallop,  fan shell,  or  comb shellBasic Animal Group:  InvertebrateSize: 1–6 inch valves (width of shell)Weight: Varies depending on speciesLifespan: Up to 20 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat:  Shallow marine habitats around the worldConservation  Status:  Varies depending on species Description Scallops are in the phylum Mollusca, a group of animals that also includes snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squid, clams, mussels, and oysters. Scallops are one of a group of mollusks known as  bivalves. These animals have two hinged shells that are formed of calcium carbonate. Scallops have anywhere from 50 to 100 eyes that line their  mantle. These eyes may be a brilliant blue color, and they allow the scallop to detect light, dark, and motion. They use their retinas to focus light, a job the cornea does in human eyes. Atlantic sea scallops can have very large shells, up to 9 inches in length. Bay scallops are smaller, growing to about 4 inches. The gender of Atlantic sea scallops can be distinguished. The females reproductive organs are red while the males are white. Bobby Ware/Getty Images   Habitat and Range Scallops are found in saltwater environments worldwide, ranging from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. Most prefer beds of seagrass amid shallow sandy bottoms, although some attach themselves to rocks or other substrates. In the United States, two kinds of scallops are sold as food. Atlantic sea scallops, the larger kind, are harvested wild from the Canadian border to the mid-Atlantic and are found in shallow open waters. Smaller bay scallops are found in estuaries and bays from New Jersey to Florida. There are large scallop populations in the Sea of Japan, off the Pacific coast from Peru to Chile, and near Ireland and New Zealand. The majority of farmed scallops are from China. Diet Scallops eat by filtering small organisms such as krill, algae, and larvae from the water they inhabit. As water enters the scallop, mucus traps plankton in the water, and then cilia move the food into the scallops mouth.   DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images Behavior Unlike other bivalves such as mussels and clams, most scallops are free-swimming. They swim by clapping their shells quickly using their  highly developed adductor muscle, forcing a jet of water past the shell hinge, propelling the scallop forward. Theyre surprisingly speedy. Scallops swim by opening and closing their shells using their powerful adductor muscle. This muscle is the round, fleshy scallop that anyone who eats seafood will instantly recognize. The adductor muscle varies in color from white to beige. The Atlantic sea scallops adductor muscle may be as big as 2 inches in diameter. Reproduction Many scallops are hermaphrodites, which means that they have both male and female sex organs. Others are only male or female. Scallops reproduce by spawning, which is when organisms release eggs and sperm into the water. Once an egg is fertilized, the young scallop is planktonic before settling to the sea floor, attaching to an object with byssal threads. Most scallop species lose this byssus as they grow and become free-swimming.​ Conservation Status There are hundreds of species of scallops; in general, they are not endangered. In fact, according to NOAA: U.S. wild-caught Atlantic sea scallop is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations. Bivalves such as scallops, however, are threatened by  ocean acidification, which affects the ability of these organisms to build strong shells. Species Scallops are marine  bivalve  mollusks of the family Pectinidae; the best-known are species  of the  genus  Pecten. The family Pectinidae includes about 50 genera and subgenera and more than 400 species which live around the world. Scallop species vary in their habitats; while some prefer coastal areas and intertidal zones, others live deep under the ocean. All scallops are bivalves, and in most species, the two valves of the shell are fan-shaped. The two valves may be ribbed or smooth or even knobbed. Scallop shells vary radically in color; some are white while others are purple, orange, red, or yellow. Scallops and Humans Scallop shells are easily recognized and have been a symbol since  ancient times. The fan-shaped shells have deep ridges, and two angular protrusions called auricles, one on either side of the shells hinge. Scallop shells range in color from drab and gray  to vivid and multihued. Scallop shells are an emblem of St. James, who was a  fisherman in Galilea before becoming an apostle. James is said to be buried at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, which became a shrine and pilgrimage site. Scallop shells mark the road to Santiago, and pilgrims often wear or carry scallop shells. The scallop shell is also the corporate symbol for the petrochemical giant Royal Dutch Shell. Scallops are also a major commercially harvested seafood; certain species (Placopecten magellanicus, Aequipecten irradians, and A. opercularis) are highly prized. The large adductor muscle is the part of the scallop that is typically cooked and eaten. Scallops are harvested around the world; the most productive scallop grounds are off the coast of Massachusetts and in the Bay of Fundy off the coast of Canada. Romona Robbins Photography/Getty Images   Sources Foster, Kelli. Whats the Difference Between Bay Scallops and Sea Scallops? TheKitchn.com.  13 May 2016.  Goff, Stanley. What Do Sea Scallops Eat Where Do They Live?​  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Sciencing.com.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹25 April 2017.Madrigal, Alexis C. Did You Know Scallops Have *Eyes*? Me Neither, but Look. TheAtlantic.com. 28 March 2013.Ramos, Juan. What Exactly Are Scallops? ScienceTrends.com. 17 Jan. 2018.